27 Importantly, caffeine has been shown to stimulate dopaminergic activity by removing the negative modulatory effects of adenosine at dopamine receptors. 25, 26 Functionally, caffeine produces a range of effects opposite those of adenosine, including the behavioral stimulant effects associated with the drug. Finally, because this diagnosis is intended to stimulate a further study of Caffeine Use Disorder, we conclude the article with a discussion of future research directions.Ĭaffeine acts as an antagonist at adenosine receptors, thereby blocking endogenous adenosine. 24 We also provide a systematic review of the clinical evidence for Caffeine Use Disorder and rates of endorsement of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for this research diagnosis.
CAFFEINE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS MAJOR SEVERE DEPRESSION MANUAL
We then discuss the diagnostic criteria for Caffeine Use Disorder, a condition for further study recently published in the Diagnositc and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 5 th ed. We begin the present review by providing a brief statement about caffeine dependence nomenclature and summarizing the published literature on the biological evidence for caffeine dependence. 7– 23 Many of these individuals are unable to reduce consumption despite knowledge of recurrent health problems associated with continued caffeine use. 5, 6 Moreover, a number of recent studies show that some caffeine users become addicted to or dependent on caffeine. 3, 4 Although consumption of low to moderate doses of caffeine is generally safe, consumption of higher doses by vulnerable individuals can lead to increased risk for negative health consequences, including cardiovascular problems and perinatal complications.
1 In the United States, more than 90% of adults use it regularly, and, among them, average consumption is more than 200 mg of caffeine per day 2-more caffeine than is contained in two 6-ounce cups of coffee or five 12-ounce cans of soft drinks. Nevertheless, more research is needed to determine the reliability, validity, and prevalence of this clinically important health problem.Ĭ affeine is the most widely used drug in the world. Moreover, several recent clinical studies indicate that caffeine dependence is a clinically meaningful disorder that affects a nontrivial proportion of caffeine users. Numerous controlled laboratory investigations reviewed in this article show that caffeine produces behavioral and physiological effects similar to other drugs of dependence. In this comprehensive literature review, we summarize published research on the biological evidence for caffeine dependence we provide a systematic review of the prevalence of caffeine dependence and rates of endorsement of clinically meaningful indicators of distress and functional impairment among habitual caffeine users we discuss the diagnostic criteria for Caffeine Use Disorder-a condition for further study included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 5 th ed.) and we outline a research agenda to help guide future clinical, epidemiological, and genetic investigations of caffeine dependence. Thus, the World Health Organization and some health care professionals recognize caffeine dependence as a clinical disorder. Although consumption of low to moderate doses of caffeine is generally safe, an increasing number of clinical studies are showing that some caffeine users become dependent on the drug and are unable to reduce consumption despite knowledge of recurrent health problems associated with continued use. Caffeine is the most commonly used drug in the world.
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